The Best Photojournalistic Wedding Photographers in Cromwell, CT

The Best Photojournalistic Wedding Photographers in Cromwell, CT

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


312 Wedding Photographers in Cromwell, CT

Photojournalistic
Quick responder
Love Long and Prosper Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Hello!  We are Love Long and Prosper Photography, your inclusive photographers for FOLK(X) of all sorts based out of Central CT and all over the U.S.! We are a collection of geeky wedding photographers that are all about shooting your geeky wedding!  Whether if you are having a Star Trek themed wedding, or having no theme at all but are a geeky couple, we will be perfect for your wedding!

As a venue coordinator, we work with many different vendors. Gary is great to work with, responds quickly and is easy to work with onsite. He's friendly and has great attention to detail. The couples he's worked with at my venue have had great experiences with him. Would definitely recommend!
Michelle S., 6 months ago
Quick responder
ALM Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,250
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Hi, I'm Tony, owner of ALM Photography.. I'm a seasoned photographer with over 10 years of wedding experience specializing in true to life, unfiltered wedding photography. With more than 25 years of dedication as an emergency room nurse, I bring a unique perspective and a keen eye for detail to every shot. Brides and grooms-to-be, as you prepare for your special day, trust me to capture the magic with skillful artistry and heartfelt sincerity. Let my background as both a caretaker and visual storyteller ensure that every moment is beautifully preserved, creating lasting memories for years to come.

Awarded Best of Zola
Tony did such a fantastic job with our wedding photos. He perfectly captured the atmosphere of our wedding and was extremely professional throughout the entire process. During our pre-wedding meeting, he did a great job walking us through different things he would want us to do in order to capture some incredible photos and timing them for the appropriate lighting. From start to finish it was an extremely smooth process with some incredible photographs.
Brandon H., 7 months ago
Quick responder
Brianna Ritoli Photography LLC 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

I was born and raised in the smallest little state, Rhode Island! With that comes a huge appreciation for the coast and a realization that magic can be found in even the smallest of details. Growing up in a small town where time seems to go by slower helped me learn the value of genuine connections which have now become apart of who I am.

Awarded Best of Zola
We are SO glad we worked with Bri! From start to finish she was supportive, communicative, and onboard with our elopement. My husband and I are not comfortable in front of the camera and she made it so easy to get beautiful photos! I let Bri use her artistic vision to get a lot of our photos, and I am so happy I did. Her and Lucas were fabulous - and essential to keeping our elopement as quiet as possible. I will definitely be reaching out to Bri if we ever need any other photos done! Thank you so so much for capturing our day!!
Katelyn H., 10 months ago
GemHidden gem
Tarren Bailey Photography, LLC 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,200
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

I love spending the day documenting the story of your love and special moments with those closest do you. My photographic style is to photograph in a non intrusive way so I can capture the magic of the day as it unfolds with candids and minimal directed posing.

Tarren was so fun to work with! She is energetic, passionate, and excited about photography. She brings creativity and joy to her work and makes the process fun for the couple, the bridal party and wedding guests. She worked closely with our bride and groom to capture details and moments with were meaningful and important to them, including highlighting the flower arrangements that the bride lovingly created. She beautifully captured the event and the happiness of the day!
Amanda, 3 years ago
Quick responder
Allison Cheng Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $5,250
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Hi, I’m Allison, and I’ve had the privilege of photographing weddings for over 10 years. My background with USA Gymnastics in sports photography (including the 2020, and 2024 Olympic Trials) has taught me to capture every moment with precision and artistry, making sure no detail goes unnoticed. Because of my commitment to the gymnastics season, I limit the number of weddings I take on each year. This means I can give each couple the time and attention they truly deserve, creating a personalized gallery that tells the beautiful story of their day. I’d love to work with you to capture your unforgettable moments!

Allison is a professional yet loving person and is the perfect photographer for weddings and family portraits! My husband and I knew the minute we got engaged that we wanted to work with her. We did our engagement shoot at Harkness Park and immediately felt at ease working with Allison and overall we all had a lot of fun! The day of our wedding Allison and her dad John were incredible. We gave them the difficult task of getting 90% of our pictures done before the ceremony so we could spend some of our cocktail hour with our guests. Not only did they make that task look easy, but we all had a great time with our shots! Allison also strongly suggested taking 20 minutes during sunset to take some couple shots, and those became my favorite pictures of the day. The turnaround for the full album was quick and the pictures were beautiful, but most importantly the personality that both Allison and John have made the experience magical for everyone involved. I can't recommend working with them enough!
Sage D., 2 months ago
Quick responder
BridgetQ Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $4,200
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

I am a self-proclaimed nerd and total goofball who is always up for an adventure, especially if it means going to the beach. I love to travel. I have been blessed to find “home” on three different continents, and I speak fluent English, Spanish and Portuguese. My husband Mike, sons Javi & Ro, baby Soleil and pup Tag are my greatest motivation. They simultaneously drive me crazy and keep me grounded. The love, strength and energy I get from them shapes my perspective on the world, and is something that I want to share with you. In addition to all that, I happen to be one of the luckiest people in the world – I love my job!

Bridget & her assistant did a PHENOMONAL job photographing my daughter and son-in-law’s wedding last weekend. She somehow managed to capture it all – the couple, the relatives, the venue, the season, the rituals – yet each image stands as a work of art on its own. Especially love the black and white photos sprinkled in with the full color. I guess it comes down to Bridget’s mastery of lighting, and her ability to read the energy of the many different people she photographs. One of her candids has the gorgeous lighting of a Vermeer painting (“Girl with a Pearl Earring”). It you’re looking for the best, look no further.
Michel M., 2 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Sage & Co. 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,499
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

We believe that everything we do must have a special meaning, one that fills up our hearts with happiness & euphoria! We absolutely love capturing your love story in a way that represents you as a couple. We have been in the wedding industry for 3 years now & couldn't imagine life any other way. We are an easy going couple duo, who specializes in cinematic films & moody photography. We so hope we get the opportunity to celebrate your special day with you!! (Please contact us through our website to get in touch for your special day)

Where do I even begin? My husband and I got married in August of this year and from the moment we talked with Destiny and Mac, we knew we needed them to be a part of our day. We instantly connected as they are so personable, energetic, and compassionate about their work. We had the chance to not only work with them for our wedding but they also shot our ”save the date” session as well. We had so much fun with them and they made us feel so comfortable. Not only are they incredible at what they do, but they are great people and we kept saying we gained two great friends from this. We couldn’t be happier with our video as it captures everything from our day in a unique style. Their talent is truly unmatched. Thank you Mac and Destiny!!
Carissa, 3 months ago
GemHidden gem
Rose Gold Visual - Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $4,300
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

We're a husband and wife photo/video team with a passion for making art. With hundreds of weddings under our belts, we have spent countless hours perfecting our craft for one sole purpose.. providing people with a once in a lifetime experience that lasts forever. Focusing on candid, authentic moments, we can make even the most awkward couples (their words not ours) feel like movie stars!

We loved working with Jenny and Josh! They are so fun to work with, we had Jenny do our maternity pictures as well, I’d love to work with them again, I recommend them to everyone!!
Alyssa B., 8 months ago
GemHidden gem
Teresa Johnson Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,900
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Hi, I'm Theresa, a wedding photographer inspired by nature's beauty and the stories we all hope to pass down. Along with my amazing team of photographers (plus a videographer!), our work emphasizes natural prompts and real emotions to create incredible imagery that captures the vibrant energy of wedding celebrations. We’re set apart by the fact that we know how to maximize shotlists so our couples can skip the photo marathons and enjoy their own cocktail hour (which is rare, I might add).

Awarded Best of Zola
Hiring Teresa and her team was the easiest and best decision we made when wedding planning. She was wonderful to work with and from our first Zoom call together I just knew she understood our vision. I am just blown away with how she, Katherine, and Olivia were able to capture so many special moments with our people. She and her team pivoted amazingly well through changing plans due to weather and other minor challenges through out the day. Even with a rainy, windy day we had the best wedding pictures I’ve ever seen! Each photo shows all of the love that was in the room during our wedding and I am so grateful to be able to relive our day forever thanks to Teresa and her team.
Haley, 2 years ago
GemHidden gem
Michael Orzell Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,900
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

My love for photography began over a decade ago when a good friend lent me his camera. I quickly discovered my passion for capturing the beauty of candid moments and the world around me. Outside of photographing couples, I enjoy downhill mountain biking, traveling, nature & landscape photography, hiking, and playing guitar. I live in East Hampton, Connecticut with my beautiful wife (Meg), our two dogs (Tucker & Diamond), and cat (Grace).

Working with Mike was wonderful! His photographs are beautiful. But beyond the impeccable quality of his work, Mike is a pleasure to work with--he is responsive, knowledgeable, and organized. Anyone who is planning a wedding knows how valuable these qualities are. I'd enthusiastically recommend Mike to all!
E. C., 8 months ago
Britt Hill Photo 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Wedding photography inspired by film. For couples who value a simple, intentional and love-filled day captured through visual storytelling reflecting life just as it is. Whether it is at city hall, on a mountain, at a park, on a beach or a wedding venue – your celebration will be captured true to how it felt. Your day, your way.

Awarded Best of Zola
Britt delivered exactly what we wanted AND was a pleasure to work with. She was so calm and chill and brought a great energy to the day. The photos are a wonderful mix of reportage and vibe and her filmic style is gorgeous. She turned around our photos FAST, like a little over a week, and I can't stop looking at them and reliving our day. Hire Britt!!
Emilie P., 2 years ago
Cait Fletcher Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Cait began her career as a fine art wedding photographer in 2013. Her couple’s wedding days have been featured in Vogue, The Washington Post, The Connecticut Bride, TLC, and Newsweek. Cait's style can be described as timeless, avant-garde, creative, & iconic. She shoots intentionally with each frame, ensuring each frame is worthy of hanging in her couple's homes. Cait has had the honor of photographing weddings throughout the U.S., Mexico, and Europe, where she's drawn inspiration from the different countries she's traveled.

Working with Cait Fletcher was hands down one of the best decisions we made for our wedding. From the very beginning, Cait took the time to understand our vision and truly brought it to life in ways we couldn’t have imagined. She went above and beyond in every aspect—capturing not just the big moments but all the candid, emotional details that made our day so special. Her professionalism and passion shine through in her work, and it’s clear she genuinely cares about her clients. Cait’s ability to make us feel comfortable and natural in front of the camera was unmatched, and she has such an incredible eye for detail. The final photos exceeded all our expectations—they’re stunning, heartfelt, and perfectly encapsulate our love story. We’ll treasure these memories forever, thanks to Cait’s talent. If you’re looking for a photographer who will go the extra mile to make your day unforgettable, Cait Fletcher is the one!
Bryan P., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Wild Roots Photography LLC 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

My husband and I are enjoying living in the quiet woods of Haddam, CT with our fur babes Kenai and Topaz. Brian and I have been together since 2015 and got married in 2022 at a brewery. Born in New Haven, we’ve had the incredible experience of living around the country including Alaska, Oregon and Colorado. My perfect day is sitting outside in the autumn air drinking espresso while listening to a podcast or reading The Secret, again. The show Outlander is a guilty pleasure though Brian and I are always quoting New Girl and Bob’s Burgers. I love planning adventures, thrillers, football Sundays, wholesome conversation, cozy vibes and markets.

Ashley is someone who is so genuine, kind and understanding. She knows what it takes to capture the most beautiful photos that leave you remembering your day so vividly for a lifetime.
Amethyst Trail Photo, a year ago
TrendlineTrending
BreezyGirl Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Cromwell, CT
  • Offer

I am here for those chasing their forever. Whether you are looking to run off in the mountains with your person, or celebrate with all your friends + family surrounding you, I am here for it and I am here for you!!!

BreezyGirl Photography was an absolute dream to work with for our wedding. From the very beginning, their communication was timely, professional, and quick, putting us at ease throughout the entire process. The quality of their work was truly beautiful, with a warm, golden-hour glow that captured the essence of our special day. On the day of the wedding, the photographer made my day flawless, ensuring she captured all the important parts of the day as well as some extra special moments. BreezyGirl Photography was an amazing photographer who made our wedding day extra special.
Evelyn S., 2 months ago
GemHidden gem
Full of Whimsy Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $4,197
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

My name is Margit. I am an outdoor-loving, adventure-seeking, love-obsessed, believing, cat mamma who believes in the utmost importance of capturing life’s most significant moments. I hold my photography close to my heart; I capture the real, authentic, whimsical moments that happen throughout your wedding day.

From the moment we met Margit, we were blown away by her warm, friendly, and loving communication style. Her magical, romantic, and relaxed approach to capturing our wedding day was exactly what we had hoped for. She suggested wonderful poses, actions, and locations that resulted in photographs that truly reflect the joy and intimacy of our special day. Her skill at preserving those precious moments has given us images we will cherish forever. We are so grateful to have had Full of Whimsy Photography (Margit and Megan) as our wedding photographers and cannot recommend them highly enough. @fullofwhimsyphotography
Alyssa, 5 months ago
Molly Mia Photography + Film LLC 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,900
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

I live in Willimantic, CT in a converted firehouse with my boyfriend Tylor & our dog Maple, and I love a lot of things haha. When I'm not behind the camera, I am swing dancing, painting, playing piano, cooking, hiking with Tylor and Maple, or editing your photos & videos! I have decided to just shoot for my dreams and become a full-time photographer & videographer! You only live once, right? So why not re-direct my life towards a more fulfilling path of doing what makes me happiest?! So yeah- that's what I'm doing- and I am LOVING it.

Molly is a dream to work with, and her carefree go-with-the-flow vibe is everything we needed on our wedding day! Our sneak peeks came out perfectly and we can't wait to see the whole gallery and our video! Her team is professional and kind, and she is very communicative! From the start to our engagement photos to our wedding, we never had any doubts in her or her work! Thank you Molly for capturing our day and making it one we can revisit forever!
Bianca D., 9 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Layne Ann Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

My name is Layne, I am a 25 year old photographer based out of Connecticut, but always down to get out of here and travel! I have a passion for capturing some of life's most beautiful moments and turning them into a memory you can truly cherish forever. My love for photography has gotten me through some of the worst times and is my saving grace. Because of that, I don't plan on ever putting my camera down. I am not here to put you in the perfect pose; I am here to capture real, authentic emotion! When you open your album I want you to feel something, and I strongly believe those raw emotions come from candid moments that can’t be posed.

Layne Ann Photography was a fantastic choice for our wedding photography. Layne communicated quickly and reliably throughout the planning process, making it easy to coordinate schedules and locations. On our rainy wedding day, Layne brought an upbeat, easygoing energy that kept the photo shoot fun, even when we had to adjust plans last-minute. The photos turned out beautifully - Layne has a real talent for capturing creative shots, and the images vividly showcase the joy and love from our special day. Between the quality of the photographs and Layne's friendly professionalism, we felt we received fantastic value. I wholeheartedly recommend Layne Ann Photography to any couple looking for a talented, communicative photographer to capture the magic of their wedding celebrations.
Sarah V., 7 months ago
Quick responder
Rise To It Productions 
  • Photojournalistic style
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Rise To It Productions specializes in capturing the magic of your wedding day with stunning photography, cinematic videography, and lively DJ services. With over a decade of experience, we bring a personalized touch to every couple’s unique love story. Our team is dedicated to making your wedding day stress-free and unforgettable, preserving every moment from the first look to the final dance. Combining creativity, professionalism, and a passion for storytelling, we deliver memories you’ll cherish for a lifetime. Let us help you celebrate your love story the way it deserves to be told.

Quick responder
Eivan's Photo & Video 

4.9

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,149
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

We offer a personalized experience backed up by more than 33+ years in business delivering high quality, creative photography and video on time and within your wedding budget. We are experts in photojournalism, offering couples an unmatched level of value for their wedding photography and video services.

Awarded Best of Zola
Eivan's Photo & Video was an exceptional choice for our wedding photography. From the start, their communication throughout the booking process was excellent - they were responsive, informative, and helpful in answering all of our questions. On the day of the wedding, their team of photographers and videographers were professional, passionate, and patient with all of our guests and family members, ensuring they captured every special moment. Eivan's just recently shot our engagement photos as well, and we were thrilled with the results. I highly recommend Eivan's Photo & Video to any couple looking for a talented and dedicated team to document their wedding day.
Nudelissan H., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Original Weddings Photo & Video 

4.9

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,800
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Original Weddings Photo & Video is a team of EMMY award winning storytellers. Our photography and videography packages are tailored to you, customizable and perfect for every wedding. We offer engagement photography, wedding photos, highlight films, wedding coverage and more.

Awarded Best of Zola
They were incredible! I got an amazing deal for Black Friday (highly recommend if you can!) that came with two photographers and a videographer for 7 hours. They were really fun to work with, had creative vision on what our event was all about, and were professional. The consultation process was flexible and easy, they worked well with my day of coordinator and gave us the gift of images that will be with us forever. Thank you so much to the team at Sound Originals!
Rae, 6 months ago
Quick responder
Once Like a Spark Wedding Co. 

4.9

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,845
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

More than a decade ago, two sisters - knew there had to be a better way to allow talented photographers and videographers to focus on what they do best -- create gorgeous art -- while providing couples with better support in the planning process. Together, they created an all-inclusive, stress-free environment where couples can choose from talented local photographers and videographers and work with a small team of planning experts equipped and eager to make everything a success. With the pressure gone, you can truly enjoy your big day. Relax and rest assured that all the emotional and moments will be documented with unmatched quality.

We had such a great experience with OLAS! Our photographer, Jasmine, was a very calming and helpful presence during the day. She was professional and patient and worked collaboratively with us and our families to adjust to our shot needs and any other minor chances. She also gave clear directions on how to pose! The photos came out really wonderful - we love the warmer tones and Jasmine captured the joy, fun, and touching moments really well. The OLAS team was very professional from beginning to end and we appreciated the level of detail through the planning process.
Vanessa W., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Christopher Duggan Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $5,950
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

In the 20 years that I've been photographing professionally, I’ve honed my skill of knowing when to step in and make things happen, and when to step back and simply *allow* things to happen. Documenting the REAL emotion of the day is how we capture those picture-perfect moments. They happen organically, not by force, and I promise you: we're not going to miss ANY of them. = )

Awarded Best of Zola
Working with Christopher and his team was the absolute best! From the beginning they were so thoughtful and informative every step of the way. Christopher eased our jitters by recommending a fun pre-wedding photoshoot before our rehearsal dinner which we would've never thought to do but absolutely loved. His calming presence throughout the wedding day made it so easy for us to relax in the moment, this sense of calm and joy was perfectly captured in our photos. Following our wedding, we worked with his design team on our wedding album. They too made this part of the process seamless, we were able to make decisions swiftly and with ease because of their expertise and support. We couldn't be happier with the overall experience or results!
Jessica, 22 days ago
Quick responder
Willow Photo Co. 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $4,500
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

We’re Ryan & Jenn, two wedding photographers from Rhode Island with over 13 years of experience. We believe every couple deserves more than just beautiful photos; you deserve a fun, relaxed experience that feels like hanging out with friends. We treat every couple like family, capturing your day authentically and with heart. From the little details to the big emotions, we’re here to make your wedding unforgettable, one genuine moment at a time..

Awarded Best of Zola
Ryan, Jenn and their team were so great to work with. They were so down to earth, while ensuring to always stay professional. I had a great time throughout the process, and they made sure to always make us feel like our opinions mattered. My wife and I did extensive research before picking a photo/video company as we are in a same sex relationship. We wanted to make sure we were supported like any other couple. Whenever we seen how inclusive and diverse the Willow Co. was, we knew they were the ones. Their work exudes love and peace, and those two qualities were super important to us. Cheers to many more years of business to a great company! Sending our love to you all.
Filipa C., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Enchanted Celebrations 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $595
  • Serves Cromwell, CT

Changing the game in the wedding industry, Enchanted Celebrations aims to successfully redefine the paradigm of personalization and compassion in each wedding. Whether we are capturing your love story behind a lens or mixing your perfect wedding day soundtrack, Enchanted Celebrations has the experts to create the wedding day vibes you’ve always dreamed of.

Awarded Best of Zola
Enchanted Celebrations was an absolute joy to work with for our wedding video. From the first time we spoke, they were attentive and helpful, answering all of our questions and guiding us through the process. On the day of our wedding, they were fantastic and really kept me calm, knowing my video was in great hands. The quality of their work is absolutely stunning - the footage they captured truly brings our special day to life in the most beautiful way. We are thrilled with the final product and would highly recommend Enchanted Celebrations to any couple looking for exceptional videography services.
Julia, 7 months ago
Quick responder
Portraits By Sean 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Serves Cromwell, CT



I present fun, elegant, and exciting Wedding Photography for my clients. My style is photojournalistic; I feel it's the most effective way to tell a story. After all, there is so much happening on a wedding day. Between the ceremony, dancing, and endless extravaganzas, the most memorable moments will naturally occur.  My goal is to capture the emotions and memories of your day through my lens. These recollections are your forever keepsakes, a chapter of your life's story. Every image accounts for those who were by your side, delighted for you, and the next step in your journey. I appreciate you for giving me a few moments of your time.t

Awarded Best of Zola
Portraits By Sean was an exceptional choice for our wedding photography. They had great communication from start to finish, which made the planning process smooth and stress-free. They were extremely helpful in getting all the photos we wanted and more - Sean was very thorough, very prompt and very patient in capturing every moment. He arrived early and was extremely patient in making sure we got everything done that we wanted. We couldn't be happier with the quality of their work and the value they provided on our special day.
Corinne Z., 3 months ago

Location flexible? Discover photographers near Cromwell, CT

About wedding photographers in Cromwell, CT

How much does a wedding photographer typically cost in Cromwell, CT?

A Cromwell, CT wedding photographer ranges from $135 to $10,000 and averages at $2,800. The cost reflects the number of hours included, if there is a second photographer, any prints or albums, and, most importantly, the experience of the photographer. But every snapshot they take is a priceless memory of your big day — way better than your bestie's blurry smartphone pics, right?

Do most photographers include a second photographer?

95% of photographers in Cromwell, CT offer a second photographer, although it typically depends on the package you book! Second photographers are helpful because one person can’t be everywhere at once, and the second photographer ensures all the details are covered.

Which are the most popular photographers in Cromwell, CT?

Some of the most popular photographers in this area include Eivan's Photo & Video, Imagesxpert Media and Ashley Cynthia Photography.

What else should I keep in mind when booking a wedding photographer?

Are you interested in an engagement shoot as a test run? Drone photography? Wedding albums? All helpful things to ask about when you’re considering which wedding photographer to book!

What types of photographers are in Cromwell, CT?

What other Cromwell vendors will I need?

What other photographers are nearby?

What other wedding services are nearby?