The Best Classic Wedding Photographers in Dwale, KY

The Best Classic Wedding Photographers in Dwale, KY

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


92 Wedding Photographers in Dwale, KY

Classic
Clear
Quick responder
PictureMeThisByLacie 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Just like you, I have felt awkward in front of the camera. I’ve had photos taken of me that I didn’t like. When you go on a session with me, I will not only make you feel comfortable, but I will make sure you look good! I will give you prompts to keep you moving and laughing. I’m sorry but there are some angles, and poses that are not flattering for everyone. Like, please don’t take a photo of me from below! Hello double chin! What I’m saying is, I got you!

Awarded Best of Zola
PictureMeThisbyLacie was the most amazing photographer we could have dreamed of. Lacie and her husband made our day an absolute breeze! We even had sneak peek pictures before the nights festivities came to an end. Lacie and our videographer worked seamlessly together, we would recommend her over and over again, without hesitation.
Jamee T., 3 months ago
Quick responder
Lee Photo + Video 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Dwale, KY

I’m Sydney - a Lifestyle and Wedding Photographer from Jacksonville, Florida. My work allows me to create often and is a direct reflection of the people, stories, and places that inspire me. Aside from my obsession with photography, I'm obsessed with food (tacos specifically), all genre's of music (Elton John is my absolute favorite), and Disney. I'm self-taught with a sincere passion for all things photographic, beautiful light, fun people, and gorgeous environments. No matter the size of the project I always bring the same passion and dedication to each individual job and it's my priority to make sure everyone goes home happy!

Awarded Best of Zola
I cannot say enough great things about Sydney. Her and Taylor were amazing on our wedding day. I truly could not have asked for a better photographer & videographer team. I have only received out sneak peeks but they are AMAZING & they sent a large amount of photos back for our sneak peeks! My family cannot quit raving about how amazing they are! I also want to mention that they are very affordable. If you are considering Lee Photo video I promise that you will not be disappointed if you decide to move forward with Sydney & her team!
Whitney B., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Ashley Cynthia Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,800
  • Serves Dwale, KY

* PLEASE INQUIRE ON WEBSITE* HEY! I'M ASHLEY! Aka, Your Professional third wheel! I am so happy you dropped by! I am a uber bubbly, warm hearted, person who loves to order 3 drinks at Dutch Bros and say its for other people but really its just for me. When I am not spending my lifes savings at Dutch Bros, I am professionally following peeps in love and photographing their stories. I am a lover of true crime and murder podcasts! (But I mean who isnt! I just cant help it!) FUN FACT: I speak switzerdütsch, aka a German slang. My mom is originally from Switzerland and my dad from Jamaica, so you know I am always hungry for adventures!

Awarded Best of Zola
Ashley Cynthia Photography was an absolute delight to work with for our wedding day! From our first meeting, Ashley's positive, professional, and fun communication style put us at ease. On the big day, she and her talented and detail-oriented team worked tirelessly to capture all of those special moments. Ashley kept me smiling even during some family stress. The beautiful photos she delivered showcase her artistry and really capture the love and joy we felt. I was wowed by her determination to get the perfect shot. Ashley and her crew were consummate professionals and we could not be happier with the gorgeous photos to remember our wedding day!
Caroline E., 6 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Courtney Barnett Photography LLC 

4.3

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Hi! Im Courtney and im so glad you decided to give me a look! Here's a little bit about me! I am a full time mommy of 5 beautiful children. I am married to an amazing man, Dwight. He is very supportive in everything i do including my business and strives to help me in anyway he can. Many of you may see him accompanying me to your session, wedding or event. Our house is cluttered and chaotic 99.9% of the time but is filled with lots of love and laughs from our little family and i thank god everyday for letting me be their mama and wife.

In October of 2019, the love my life proposed to me. All excited and bushytail from the engagement I immediately started planning our wedding that night. Before 9pm I had our date set, May 15, 2021. I had asked a few people I knew what was the one thing they wished they could have redone or really could not live without. Most said "if you're going to spend money on a photographer, make sure to get a professional with plenty of experience." So I took those words and ran with it. Fast forward spring of 2020, COVID is new and at its prime. I stressed about getting a photographer and meeting one. That's when I found Courtney. From the first message I sent her, she made me feel at ease. She set up our first meeting over zoom and went through everything with us. Budget, theme, and most importantly what we wanted out of our photographer. She was very professional and set us up with a payment plan for the wedding package. Fast forward to our engagement session with her, she made everything go so smoothly as we did not have to worry about posing or being uncomfortable. The pictures were absolutely beautiful. Comes May 15, 2021 as any bride would be the nerves are as high as they can be. My soon to be husband has a large family so this weeding was bigger than expected. Courtney laid everything out and immediately went to work. Working around everyone. She already had a few things planned out and asked if there were anything we wanted specifically that we may have forgotten to tell her. She made me feel so at ease. The pictures we recieved were absolutely breathtaking and incredible. Courtney has been one of the most understanding and professional people I have ever met. Since our marriage in 2021 we have welcomed a beautiful baby girl in which Courtney done her newborn session and is about to do more photos for us. She has become our go to person when it comes to the best pictures. I highly recommend her!
Donna, 8 months ago
Quick responder
Fyke Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,500
  • Serves Dwale, KY

To us, photography is a form of story telling. With every image we capture, we do our best to encapsulate the love, laughter, smiles, tears and simply tell your story. Its our job and pleasure to capture the moments that you will look back on and relive over and over again. It’s amazing how magical and priceless photographs can be, and it is our job to make that magic happen.

Awarded Best of Zola
Jeff and Savannah did an amazing job. Communication was a breeze and they were personable and prompt. They were able to capture beautiful moments before and throughout our ceremony, venue and guests. We enjoyed working with them and would highly recommend Fyke Photography.
Steven and S., a year ago
Quick responder
Lena Turner Photos LLC 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,400
  • Serves Dwale, KY
  • Offer

Hi, I’m Lena – Your Wedding Photography Bestie! I’m so glad you’re here! Capturing love stories has been my passion for 8 years, and I travel across Missouri to document weddings and engagements filled with joy and romance. Your wedding day is more than just an event – it’s the start of your forever, and I’m here to make sure every moment, big or small, is beautifully captured. As someone happily married myself, I know how special this time is. My goal is to make you feel confident and comfortable, creating photos that are authentically you – timeless, romantic, and full of heart. Let’s connect and make magic together! 💕

Lena was an absolute joy to work with for our wedding. From the start, Lena, was so easy to communicate with, and accommodating to all of our requests. On the day of the wedding, Lena blended seamlessly, capturing beautiful, timeless moments - making it so easy for us to relive the magic of our special day just by looking through the photos. The quality of her work was exceptional, and we couldn't be happier with the value they provided. We would highly recommend Lena to any couple looking for a talented, professional, and personable wedding photographer!
Jackie D., a month ago
Quick responder
A Pair of Perrys Photo + Film 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Dwale, KY

10% OFF COUPLES WHO BOOK WITH US FROM ZOLA!!! ------------- WHO WE ARE: We may have started as just two kids who swiped right on Tinder, but now we are husband and wife Kentucky Wedding Photographers. We pride ourselves on creating photos that tell your unique love story, and that you will treasure for years to come. Whether you are planning an intimate elopement or an extravagant celebration, we are EXCITED to work with you to create a truly unforgettable experience!!!

Awarded Best of Zola
It was a pleasure working with her. She’s very respectful and good at her job! I highly recommend her for anyone that is looking for a photographer.
Brittany Kiestler , a year ago
Quick responder
Kaitlyn Carter Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $4,250
  • Serves Dwale, KY

I am a travel photographer based out of Louisville, Kentucky. I have always been the friend with the camera admiring those around me. I am truly captivated by people simply being people, always finding beauty in human connections and the REAL. My goal is to be a calming presence, help the day run smooth, and ensure everyone in front of the camera feels COMFORTABLE. I lean toward documentary style photography emphasizing what makes your love unique.

Awarded Best of Zola
I cannot express enough how incredible our wedding photographer was! From start to finish, she was nothing short of amazing. Her attentiveness and calm demeanor put us at ease throughout the entire day, allowing us to truly enjoy every moment. She exuded professionalism in every aspect of her work, ensuring that every detail was captured perfectly. What truly stood out was her talent and thoughtful approach. She made me feel beautiful and confident, capturing stunning shots that we will cherish forever. Her ability to anticipate moments and capture them with such artistry is remarkable. If you’re looking for a photographer who goes above and beyond, look no further. She is truly exceptional!
Fabie L., 7 months ago
Quick responder
Eugene Svirhun Photo 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,500
  • Serves Dwale, KY

I started photography in 2017 and after being a part of many weddings, engagements, and family sessions, I still love what I do and I am deeply dedicated to serving my clients. I consider myself a storyteller and love capturing the little details, the half-smiles, and the simple motions. For me, it is about seeing the real, the lovely, and the messy moments, the everyday magic that tells the stories of our lives. Each wedding and session has its own unique story to tell and I challenge myself to capture those stories through my camera as best as I can and would be honored to capture yours too!

Awarded Best of Zola
We can’t express enough how incredible our experience with Eugene was and how perfectly he captured our wedding day. After Hurricane Helene, we had to change our venue and it was a little farther away from our original venue and Eugene made it happen and didn't want any extra travel fee or anything from us. On the wedding day he made us feel completely at ease in front of the camera and made sure no moment from our wedding went unnoticed. Not only is he an amazing photographer, but he’s also a fantastic person, and we truly hope our paths cross again in the future. We highly recommend planning your special day around when Eugene is available to document it—you won’t regret it!
Hannah F., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Jovan Kiah & Co Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,700
  • Serves Dwale, KY
  • Offer

First off just like that, the day got a whole lot better now that you are here! But let’s get one thing straight: if you are here, I want you to feel free to be YOU! Being true to who you are makes this process a hell of a lot easier! This is a judgment-free free safe space, and I want you to be as comfortable as humanly possible! Now that’s out the way, I'm Jovan Kiah, specializing in wedding and portrait photography located somewhere in the cornfields of Indiana. But always prepared for a photography adventure, I’m already packed with a suitcase of snacks, my passport, & playlist that spans from Disney musicals to '90s R&B hits.

Awarded Best of Zola
Jovan was absolutely amazing to work with. On our calls before the big day, she was always happy and excited and answered all of our questions and it gave us such a sense of ease. I never once had to worry and stress about photos. Day of the wedding, she completely killed it. She was still her happy self but was able to organize us and snap some amazing photos. She worked with me on some odd family and friend dynamics and eliminated any worries I had. She did a fantastic job of catching the perfect small moments, some of which I didn’t even know she was capturing. The photos are all so naturally beautiful and I can’t even begin to describe how much we love them. They are clean and bright and show us, our personalities, and our people perfectly. 100% the best decision we made.
Brooklyn H., 7 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Rd-Johnson Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,200
  • Serves Dwale, KY

My name is Becca, I am 27 years old, an Air Force wife, and a dog mom of four. I am from Louisville, KY. I started my photography business in 2017. I specialize in senior session, family sessions, maternity sessions, wedding photography and much more!

Awarded Best of Zola
It was such a pleasure to have Rebecca as the photographer for our wedding. Her package offered a free engagement shoot and those pics turned out amazing! She was so easy to work with on the day of the wedding. She felt like a part of our friend group and got along with everyone so easily. She was great at directing everyone into poses and getting pics with everyone needed. The quality of the photos is amazing, and she even got a sneak peek back to us the night of the wedding before we even left the venue. We are going to cherish them forever! I highly recommend booking with her for your wedding!
Megan R., 8 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Kiara’s Sassy Shutters 

3.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Hello there!! I'm here to give you a meaningful, stress-free, and authentic experience while capturing your love in a unique way. I want to help you throughout your entire planning process. Together, let's document your memories and create beautiful images. My hope is that your photos leave you with effortless memories. I'm based in Texas but I travel all over the world. I am a creative photographer with 5 years of shooting experience. I also just recently learned videography! I've enjoyed photography my whole life but never knew how amazing it was to actually be behind the lens and bring my vision to life.

Kiara was excellent! She did everything we asked for! I was worried about what the pictures would look like when they came back but They actually came back better than we expected. We highly recommend her for your wedding, as well as any photography you may be wanting done. Also are prices are very affordable!
Keely & A., a year ago
TrendlineTrending
Katlanta Weddings, LLC. 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,950
  • Serves Dwale, KY

My name is Katelin and I am a professional travel wedding photographer based out of Georgia and North Carolina! I have worked with over 200 clients across 34 states and 2 countries! I have been exclusively shooting weddings for more than 5 years and I love everything about what I do! I have two boys, 6 and 11, and I love to travel. Outside of photographing weddings, I coach new photographers on how to navigate the wedding industry! - The color space on Zola does not accurately represent the color space I edit with! Please check my website for my portfolio -

Awarded Best of Zola
Katlanta Weddings, LLC. was an absolute pleasure to work with from start to finish. Their communication was amazing and consistent throughout the entire process, which made planning our big day so much easier. The quality of their work was truly outstanding - they captured every special moment beautifully and provided an incredibly quick turnaround on our photos. Katlanta Weddings sent us a detailed timeline for the wedding day that ensured we got all the shots we wanted. We are thrilled with how every single photo turned out, from our engagement session to the wedding itself. We will definitely be using Katlanta Weddings for any future events and cannot recommend them highly enough!
Chastidy O., 4 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Perez Family Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Serves Dwale, KY

From our family to yours... Wherever God leads us, we will travel to capture your precious moments. We believe that each photoshoot is a divine appointment, and we are honored to be part of your journey. We are Robert and Justina, a husband and wife photography team with three wonderful children: a 4-year-old boy, a 14-year-old boy, and a 17-month-old girl. Often our kiddos travel with us to photoshoots (not weddings, haha ) , making it a true family affair. Family is everything to us, and our business reflects that passion. (As far as weddings, usually one of us shoot the weddings).

Awarded Best of Zola
The Perez family are one of th3 beat decisions we made for our special day, They were so professional, Kind, attentive, and captured the best moments, we couldn't be happier.
Carmen M., 7 months ago
Quick responder
Mrs. Jackson Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,800
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Mrs. Jackson Photography is a professional wedding photography company based in Frankfort, Kentucky. She offers services throughout Kentucky as well as Ohio and Tennessee. Owner and main photographer Kaelyn believes you should be able to look back at your wedding photos in 40 years and still feel the love within them. You'll be gaining a new lifelong friend as she captures your memories while you relax and get to have fun with your loved ones. For more details, send Mrs. Jackson Photography a message! She can't wait to meet you and provide you with memories that you'll get to treasure for a lifetime.

Awarded Best of Zola
Mrs. Jackson is just the best! She is always open to any ideas you have, super sweet and friendly, and overall, her job is awesome. I did my engagement and wedding pictures with her and we could not be more thankful and happy with our entire experience with her. If you need a photographer around Kentuckiana or even further, contact her, she's what you're looking for! Kaelyn you rock!
Francesca M., 8 months ago
Quick responder
Prest1ge Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,800
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Ever since I can remember, I've been captivated by the power of a single moment to tell a whole story. As a wedding photographer, I get to capture those fleeting, special moments that make each couple's love story unique. With over 4 + years of experience, I blend artistry with technical skill to create images that are not only beautiful but deeply meaningful.

Working with Prest1ge Photography was a pleasure. He has great talent, professionalism, and dedication to his craft. It was worth every penny. As they say, pictures are forever and Prest1ge Photography captured so many candid moments that I’ll cherish forever. Caleb was so flexible with his time and listened to me with what shots I wanted to have. If I had questions or concerns, he was quick to reply. He was very personable to my guests at my wedding as many commented on how friendly he was.
Mrs B., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Olive Tree 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $999
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Our approach is not just about taking pictures; it’s about capturing emotions, creating memories, and immortalizing the beauty of love in its purest form. We work closely with each couple to understand their unique vision, ensuring that every photograph reflects their personalities and the love they share.

Awarded Best of Zola
Olive Tree responded fast. Within minutes I received a call asking about my partner and I and how we met. They were so nice, I HIGHLY recommend Olive Tree over ANY photographer. It was a very hectic day, however Olive Tree made it look so easy and my pictures are beautiful. The photographer she was absolutely amazing and her ideas of how to take pictures were just spot on, thinking of different poses! Truly appreciated! Book with Olive Tree - their prices are affordable and the pictures are beautiful. They are just fun to be around!
Tiara T., 3 months ago
GemHidden gem
Jason Snorlax Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Jason "Snorlax" Cun is an all around photographer that currently resides in Los Angeles, California. He was raised in the heart of Los Angeles, where he found his calling in photography. He aims to capture the beauty of the world and the people in them. He has recently begun his travels around the U.S capturing the life of those within that city.

I met Jason at a conference and learned that he does photography. When years later I got married, I remembered how intrigued I was with how photography style and the gorgeous landscape shots he would take. I asked him to fly out from California to shoot my wedding in North Carolina. He is kind, prompt, responsive to messages, and accommodated me on my wedding day. He made me feel comfortable and had fun ideas for shots of my wedding party. I would recommend Jason to anyone who needs a professional photographer for their event! Jason is one of a kind!
Jennifer N., a year ago
Quick responder
Captured By KP 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Dwale, KY

My passion for wedding photography stems from my love of storytelling. Weddings are filled with moments of joy, laughter, and love, and I believe in honoring every genuine connection and fleeting glance that happens throughout the day. Every couple has a unique story, and my goal is to help you relive yours for years to come through images that evoke the same emotions you felt on your wedding day. Being in Business for 6years with over 120 Wedding shot across the country.

Captured By KP was an excellent choice for our wedding photography. From our initial consultation, they were very informative and helpful, answering all of our questions and making us feel comfortable throughout the process. On the day of the wedding, their professionalism and expertise really shone through - they seamlessly captured all the special moments without ever feeling intrusive. The final photos turned out absolutely beautiful, with a perfect balance of posed and candid shots that truly reflect the joy and love of our special day. We couldn't be happier with the high-quality work Captured By KP provided, and we would highly recommend them to any couple looking for an exceptional wedding photographer.
Zen T., 5 days ago
Quick responder
Kiersten Franks Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Heyyy there! I’m Kiersten, the founder and creative force behind the lens. Born and raised in West Virginia, this beautiful state is what I call my home. I’ve developed a love for traveling across the United States, and I’m excited to expand my adventures internationally in December 2024. I’m passionate about capturing that best friend type of love—the real, raw, and candid moments that make your relationship unique. On your wedding day, my focus is on documenting your authentic selves, from those emotional first looks to cozy moments during golden hour. And I’m all about the pops of color!

Kiersten is amazing to work with. She makes her clients feel very comfortable during their session and knows how to capture the candid photos that everyone loves. Her attention to detail is unmatched and the time she takes to carefully edit every photo to make them flawless is appreciated. The memories captured will forever hold a place in the hearts of her clients all thanks to her!
Heather Franks, 6 months ago
Quick responder
Wild Elegance 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Hello hello! My name is Marie and I am the owner and photographer for Wild Elegance. We are a brand for adventurers, for lovers of life, and genuine people who love those little moments between the moments in life and seek out truth over perfection. Your marriage is unique because of the relationships you have with the people you choose to celebrate with. Spending my day with you and your closest family and friends brings me such joy, and creating art out of some of the best moments of your life is something I am truly honored to be a part of for so many.

Awarded Best of Zola
My husband and I absolutely adore Marie, she made our wedding celebration so easy going and I cannot wait to work with her again!
Alexandria M., a year ago
Quick responder
NanaKwame Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Dwale, KY

NK Photography is a versatile photography business that specializes in capturing weddings, portraits, and events. With over 8 years of experience in the field, NK Photography brings a creative and professional approach to each project, ensuring that every moment is captured with clarity and artistic finesse. Known for creating a relaxed and enjoyable atmosphere, NK Photography ensures clients feel comfortable and confident, resulting in natural and authentic images. The business focuses on storytelling through visual art, aiming to preserve each unique moment in high-quality photos that clients can cherish for years.

From the moment we reached out to NanaKwame Photography, their communication was perfect—they were always easygoing and quick to respond to any questions we had. On the day of our wedding, their professionalism, creativity, and stylish approach really shone through. They captured every special memory, coordinating seamlessly with our bridal team to ensure nothing was missed. We are thrilled with the beautiful, artistic photos that perfectly encapsulate our day. NanaKwame Photography exceeded our expectations, and we will happily recommend them to anyone planning their wedding.
Kate K., 3 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Nissa J Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,800
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Grand Rapids Michigan photographer/ videographer here! I started back in high school at 16 and grew from there. With a little over 6 years of experience in the industry, I really care about getting good quality photos and videos to you within a reasonable budget! I know that getting pictures done can be expensive and we are here to provide you with excellent service and amazing photos on a budget!

We absolutely loved working with Nissa and her husband from Nissa J Photography! They have a kind, modern, and spunky communication style that made our wedding day so fun and relaxed. Their genuine, professional, and fun approach to photography resulted in stunning, high-quality photos that perfectly captured the special moments of our celebration. Nissa and her team went above and beyond to ensure we felt comfortable and enjoyed the photography process, which was a huge relief on our busy wedding day. We are thrilled with our choice and can’t wait to cherish these photos forever!
Jillian M., 3 months ago
GemHidden gem
Megan D Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,900
  • Serves Dwale, KY

Just a small town girl enjoying the little things in life! Most times, I'm snuggling up to my sweet Great Dane, Lulu, or my better half, Phillip, hanging out in our Kentucky home. There's not much I'd rather do than enjoy the company of the ones I love most! (Unless you throw tacos in there, then I'm running for the door for those bad boys haha).

Awarded Best of Zola
Megan is such a sweetheart and puts a ton of love and passion into her work. You can tell just by her excitement during the shoot just how much she loves doing it. Not only does she do a kickass job at weddings but her boudoir photography is amazing. She made me feel so comfortable and I was just shocked by how great she made me look. Overall a great person to work with and a joy to be around.
Sarah Dooley, 3 years ago

Location flexible? Discover photographers near Dwale, KY

About wedding photographers in Dwale, KY

How much does a wedding photographer typically cost in Dwale, KY?

A Dwale, KY wedding photographer ranges from $400 to $6,500 and averages at $2,400. The cost reflects the number of hours included, if there is a second photographer, any prints or albums, and, most importantly, the experience of the photographer. But every snapshot they take is a priceless memory of your big day — way better than your bestie's blurry smartphone pics, right?

Do most photographers include a second photographer?

93% of photographers in Dwale, KY offer a second photographer, although it typically depends on the package you book! Second photographers are helpful because one person can’t be everywhere at once, and the second photographer ensures all the details are covered.

Which are the most popular photographers in Dwale, KY?

Some of the most popular photographers in this area include Imagesxpert Media, Ryheem Williams Photography and Ashley Cynthia Photography.

What else should I keep in mind when booking a wedding photographer?

Are you interested in an engagement shoot as a test run? Drone photography? Wedding albums? All helpful things to ask about when you’re considering which wedding photographer to book!

What types of photographers are in Dwale, KY?

What other Dwale vendors will I need?

What other photographers are nearby?

What other wedding services are nearby?